Why Does a Piano Have 88 Keys?

Illustration comparing an early short-keyboard piano with a modern grand piano and its full keyboard.

A standard piano has 88 keys because generations of piano makers gradually expanded the instrument’s range, and 88 became the format musicians and manufacturers settled on. It is a practical standard, not a limit imposed by physics—or by the human ear. Those 88 keys comprise 52 white keys and 36 black keys, running from A0 … Read more

Chopin and George Sand: Why Did Their Relationship End?

Editorial illustration of Chopin and George Sand growing distant in a Nohant salon, with a letter and family figures in the background.

Frédéric Chopin and George Sand were together for nearly nine years. Their separation in 1847 is often reduced to one dramatic cause, but the evidence points to a more complicated story: tensions had been building, and a bitter family conflict finally put Chopin and Sand on opposite sides. A partnership shaped by music and family … Read more

Why Did Brahms Wait So Long to Write His First Symphony?

Brahms First Symphony

Johannes Brahms was already an accomplished composer when he finally unveiled his First Symphony in 1876. He was 43. The delay is often explained as fear of Beethoven, but that was only part of the story. Brahms faced enormous expectations, revised his work relentlessly and spent years developing the orchestral skills he wanted the symphony … Read more

Mozart’s Requiem: What Did He Actually Write?

Editorial illustration of Mozart’s unfinished Requiem manuscript being continued by Franz Xaver Süßmayr.

The Requiem in D minor is one of Mozart’s most famous works—and one of classical music’s most persistent mysteries. But the familiar version performed today was not written entirely by Mozart. He left a substantial body of music and sketches; after his death, other musicians completed and orchestrated the score. The clearest way to understand … Read more

Beethoven, Napoleon and the Eroica Dedication

Editorial illustration of Beethoven scraping the Bonaparte title from the Eroica manuscript.

Did Beethoven dedicate his Third Symphony to Napoleon, then scratch out the dedication when Napoleon crowned himself emperor? The familiar story has a dramatic moment at its centre—and a more complicated history underneath. Beethoven’s early admiration for Napoleon Beethoven began developing his Third Symphony, later known as the Eroica, around 1802 and worked on it … Read more

Why Was Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto Rejected?

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Today, Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto is one of the best-known works in the classical repertoire. But when the composer first played it for pianist and conductor Nikolai Rubinstein, Rubinstein reportedly said that almost the whole piece needed to be rewritten. The story is often told as a simple clash between a visionary composer and a … Read more

The Disaster of Rachmaninoff’s First Symphony

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Sergei Rachmaninoff’s First Symphony received a hostile reception at its 1897 premiere. The performance became a painful turning point in the young composer’s life, though the full story is more complicated than one bad concert. A bold new work By 1895, Sergei Rachmaninoff had already made a promising start. His opera Aleko had earned praise, … Read more

Film Scoring Orchestration Techniques: Creating Cinematic Mood Through Sound

Music Studio and Nightlife

Film music does more than accompany an image. It can suggest a place, create movement, shape tension, reveal character and change the emotional meaning of a scene. Orchestration plays an important role in all of these processes. The choice of instruments, register, rhythm, harmony, articulation and texture can transform a simple musical idea into something … Read more

How to Create Realistic Orchestral Mockups with Notation Software

How to Create Realistic Orchestral Mockups

Why orchestral realism begins with the score—not the DAW An orchestral mockup is often described as a digital approximation of a live orchestral performance. But for composers who work primarily with notation software, there is another way to think about it. A convincing mockup does not necessarily begin with a DAW, detailed MIDI programming or … Read more

Bilbao Memories — Inside the Composition

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Introduction Bilbao Memories is a musical reflection on my hometown, Bilbao. The piece is not intended as a literal portrait of the city, nor does it attempt to describe particular streets, buildings, or events. Instead, it is built around the emotional experience of remembering a place that is part of one’s personal history. The version … Read more

Matter Magnifier — Inside the Music

Matter Magnifier piano and cello score by Pilpil Music

How a Small Musical Idea Becomes Something Larger Matter Magnifier is one of the pieces included in Piano & Cello Junction, my 2022 album exploring the expressive possibilities of piano and cello as a two-instrument chamber ensemble. The piece is built around a simple compositional idea: magnification. The title refers to the way a small … Read more

Jellyfish Waltz — Inside the Music

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Turning the slow movement of jellyfish into a string quintet Some musical ideas begin with a story, a person or a specific place. Others begin with an image. Jellyfish Waltz, from Faces & Places, began with the latter: the almost weightless movement of jellyfish drifting through water. The image is simple, but translating it into … Read more

Silent Frame — Inside the Music

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The quiet ending of Faces & Places Every album has a final moment. Sometimes it is a conclusion; sometimes it is simply the point at which the music stops. With Silent Frame, the closing piece of Faces & Places, I wanted the ending to feel different: not dramatic, not conclusive, but quietly hopeful. After the … Read more

Salt Air Memories — Inside the Music

Salt air memories - article

How memory, harmony and string texture become a musical landscape What does a memory of the sea sound like when it is no longer a precise image, but a collection of sensations? Salt Air Memories, from the album Faces & Places, explores that question through a string quintet texture built around repetition, harmonic transformation and … Read more

Loquat — Inside the Composition

Loquat by Pilpil Music – brass quintet composition

Introduction Loquat exists in two different versions: the original piano solo, written in 2021, and a later version for brass quintet, published in 2022 on Brassing Reflections. Although the instrumentation changes considerably, the two versions are connected by the same compositional idea. Interestingly, the title Loquat was not inspired by the subject matter of the … Read more

Stravinsky and Prokofiev: Rivals or Friends?

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The history of classical music is full of famous rivalries. Mozart and Salieri, Brahms and Wagner, Debussy and Ravel—whether real or exaggerated, audiences have always been fascinated by stories of composers competing with one another. Among twentieth-century composers, few relationships generate more curiosity than that of Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev. Both were Russian. Both … Read more

Why Did Rachmaninoff Admire Tchaikovsky So Much?

Few composers shaped Sergei Rachmaninoff’s musical life as profoundly as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Although their lives overlapped for only a short time, Tchaikovsky’s encouragement left a lasting impression on the young composer and pianist. Long after Tchaikovsky’s death, Rachmaninoff continued to speak of him with admiration, and traces of his influence can be heard throughout … Read more

Beginning — Inside the Music

Beginning article

Composition process This article explores my compositional process through the piece Beginning. Beginning explores the emotional landscape of a new start: hope, uncertainty, expectation, and the gradual emergence of confidence. Originally written in 2021 for string ensemble and vibraphone, and later reimagined for brass quintet in 2026 as an additional piece for Brassing Reflections, the … Read more

A Squirrel and His Cherry Tree — Inside the Composition

playful piano composition rhythmic motion minimalist neoclassical music

A Squirrel and His Cherry Tree, released in 2022 for solo piano, explores movement, playfulness, and rhythmic vitality through repetitive patterns and bright harmonic motion. The piece is built around a strong rhythmic pulse that remains active almost continuously. Rather than lyrical introspection, the music focuses on agility, momentum, and the unpredictable energy of constant … Read more

Inside the Music: Continuous Motion

Cover artwork for the article “Inside the Music: Continuous Motion”, featuring piano, cello and clarinet with flowing musical textures and contemporary chamber aesthetics.

There are compositions born from melody, others from harmony, and some from rhythm. Continuous Motion emerged from movement itself: the idea of a musical current that never completely settles, always advancing, transforming, breathing. Written in November 2022 for piano, cello and clarinet, the piece explores repetition, gradual harmonic shifts and the tension between stability and … Read more